In Texas, many women have guns. One friend of mine used to drive a car long distances for work, often at night on emptier highways. She carried a gun. When a group of men drove her off the road and approached, she pointed her gun and they drove off and left her alone. She got their license and called the cops.

When I lived in New York City, I carried a heavy umbrella. I once hit a man in the groin when he threatened me. I ran off, angry but unhurt.

My grandmother once defended herself in Mumbai with a knife.

I've also known women who have effectively used mace, hat pins, key chains, frying pans...